{"id":24622,"date":"2021-12-22T10:02:44","date_gmt":"2021-12-22T02:02:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.paiqinano.com\/?p=24622"},"modified":"2021-12-21T17:24:59","modified_gmt":"2021-12-21T09:24:59","slug":"%e7%a7%91%e6%99%ae%e9%87%8f%e5%ad%90%e9%9a%a7%e7%a9%bf%e6%95%88%e5%ba%94","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.paiqinano.com\/?p=24622","title":{"rendered":"\u79d1\u666e\uff1a\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5728\u4e8c\u5757\u91d1\u5c5e\u6750\u6599\uff08\u6216\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u3001\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\uff09\u4e2d\u95f4\u5939\u4e00\u5c42\u8584\u539a\u7ea6\u4e3a0.1nm\u7684\u7279\u8584\u7535\u7f06\u62a4\u5957\uff0c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u7ed3\u201d\u7684\u5143\u5668\u4ef6\u3002\u8bbe\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u9010\u6e10\u5904\u4e8e\u5de6\u4fa7\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u89c9\u5f97\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u662f\u968f\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u7684\u6f5c\u80fd\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u6839\u636e\u7535\u7f06\u62a4\u5957\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u7535\u7f06\u62a4\u5957\u5982\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5821\u5792\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u5c06\u5b83\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u80fd\u9699\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e3aU0\u3001\u5bbd\u4e3aa\u7684\u80fd\u9699\uff0c\u80fd\u9699\u53f3\u4fa7\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u80fd\u91cf\u4e3aE
\n\u3002\u96a7\u7a7f\u6ca1\u6cd5\u7528\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u6765\u9610\u91ca\u3002\u56e0\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u7684\u52a8\u80fd\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5730\u533a\u2161\u4e2d\u7684\u6f5c\u80fd\u503cU0\uff0c\u82e5\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u8fdb\u5230\u2161\u533a\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u5b9a\u53d1\u751f\u201c\u8d1f\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u5177\u5907\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u9898\u6d3b\u52a8\u7528\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u9075\u5faa\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ece\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u89e3\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u80fd\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f97\u5230\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u8d8a\u8fc7\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u51e0\u7387\u3002\u8be5\u51e0\u7387\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u80fd\u9699\u603b\u5bbd\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u800c\u6307\u6570\u503c\u635f\u8017\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u89c2\u67e5\u5230\u8be5\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\u79d1\u666e\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\"<\/p>\n

\u96a7\u7a7f;\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94;\u80fd\u9699\u56f4\u7ed5;tunneling
\neffect\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u80fd\u9699\u56f4\u7ed5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f9d\u7167\u7d93\u5178\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u603b\u52a8\u80fd\u5c0f\u4e8e\u80fd\u9699\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u4f9d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u9897\u7c92\u52a8\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u9ad8\u8fc7\u80fd\u9699\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u5b9a\u9897\u7c92\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u80fd\u7ffb\u8fc7\u80fd\u9699\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8bb2\u51fa\u9897\u7c92\u7ffb\u8fc7\u80fd\u9699\u51e0\u7387\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u4e8e\u52bf\u5792\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3001\u603b\u5bbd\u53ca\u9897\u7c92\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u52a8\u80fd\u3002\u52a8\u80fd\u9ad8\u8fc7\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u3001\u4e3b\u9898\u6d3b\u52a8\u65b9\u4f4d\u9002\u5408\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8bf4\u53cd\u6620\u51e0\u7387\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u3002\u800c\u52a8\u80fd\u5c0f\u4e8e\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u4ecd\u6709\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u51e0\u7387\u5b8c\u6210\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u5373\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u9897\u7c92(\u610f\u5473\u7740\u70b9)\u7a7f\u8d8a\u91cd\u751f\u80fd\u9699(\u4e5f\u79f0\u52bf\u5792\u7a7f\u900fbarrier
\npenetration)\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u4ece\u9ad8\u5c71\u96a7\u9053\u65bd\u5de5\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u6837\u5e73\u65f6\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u96a7\u7a7f\u3002\u6bd4\u5982H H2\u8d85\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e0b\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u5176\u96a7\u7a7f\u5c31\u8f83\u7a81\u8d77\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u725b\u987f\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4ea7\u54c1\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u901f\u7387\u90fd\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8d85\u8fc7\u5149\u901f–
\n299,792,458\u7c73\/\u79d2\u3002\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5018\u82e5\u8d85\u8fc7\u5149\u901f\uff0c\u6642\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u9006\u6d41\u3002\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u65e5\u524d\u4fe9\u4f4d\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5374\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u884c\u9a76\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\uff08quantum tunnelling\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u8ba9\u5149\u63d0\u5347\u81ea\u8eab\u901f\u7387\u9650\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u4fe9\u4f4d\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u8ba9\u5fae\u6ce2\u52a0\u70ed\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u9897\u7c92\u6839\u636e2\u4e2a\u4e09\u68f1\u955c\u5e76\u5f00\u5c55\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f97\u5230\u3002\u5f532\u4e2a\u4e09\u68f1\u955c\u5206\u79bb\u65f6\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9897\u7c92\u90fd\u88ab\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u68f1\u955c\u53cd\u5c04\u9762\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u63a2\u6d4b\u4eea\u53d1\u89c9\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u53d1\u89c9\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u9897\u7c92\u5374\u201c\u96a7\u7a7f\u201d\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e862\u4e2a\u4e09\u68f1\u955c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u9699\u5e76\u88ab\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e09\u68f1\u955c\u53cd\u5c04\u9762\u8fd4\u56de\u63a2\u6d4b\u4eea\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u9897\u7c92\u6bd4\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9897\u7c92\u7a7f\u8d8a\u91cd\u751f\u7684\u95f4\u8ddd\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4e24\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u9897\u7c92\u5219\u662f\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u63a2\u6d4b\u4eea\u53d1\u89c9\u3002\u8fd9\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u201c\u96a7\u7a7f\u201d\u7684\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u901f\u7387\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5149\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5e03\u4f26\u8328\u5927\u5b66\u8001\u5e08Gunter
\nNimtz\u8868\u9732\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\uff1a\u201c\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u8fdd\u53cd\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u91cf\u5b50\u79d1\u6280\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u7b49\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u672c\u6765\u6ca1\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u7684\u201c\u5899\u9762\u201d\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u5177\u5907\u6ce2\u7684\u813e\u6c14\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e0d\u4ee5\u96f6\u7684\u51e0\u7387\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4f4d\u52bf\u969c\u58c1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528(Quantum tunnelling
\neffect)
\n\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u635f\u8017\u6ce2\u8026\u5408\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u5176\u91cf\u5b50\u79d1\u6280\u884c\u4e3a\u9075\u5faa\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u5047\u82e5\u6807\u51c6\u9002\u5f53\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u90fd\u662f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5f97\u635f\u8017\u6ce2\u8026\u5408\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u601d\u7ef4\u5730\u7b49\u989d\u7684\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u7684\u6ce2\u8026\u5408\u6548\u5e94\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u65b9\u7a0b\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u89e3\u7684\u5149\u6ce2\u6216\u5fae\u6ce2\u52a0\u70ed\uff1b\u9075\u5faa\u666e\u904d\u7684\u975e\u6563\u5c04\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u7ef3\u6ce2\u6216\u58f0\u6ce2\u9891\u7387\u3002\u82e5\u60f3\u4f7f\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u52a1\u5fc5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a
\n2 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u8584\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u50cf\u4e09\u660e\u6cbb\u4e00\u6837\u5e73\u65f6\uff0c\u5939\u57282\u4e2a 1 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5730\u533a\u30022 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u52a1\u5fc5\u5bb9\u8bb8\u5b9e\u503c\u5bf9\u6570\u51fd\u6570\u89e3\uff08\u5347\u9ad8\u5bf9\u6570\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u7740\u9646\u5bf9\u6570\u51fd\u6570\uff09\uff0c\u800c 1
\n\u578b\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u5219\u52a1\u5fc5\u5bb9\u8bb8\u884c\u9a76\u6ce2\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u7535\u5b50\u5149\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c1 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5939\u5c42\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u800c 2 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u771f\u7a7a\u6cf5\u3002\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c\u4ece\u9897\u7c92\u4e3b\u9898\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u800c\u8a00\uff0c1
\n\u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\u662f\u9897\u7c92\u603b\u52a8\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc7\u4f4d\u80fd\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u800c 2 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u9897\u7c92\u603b\u70ed\u91cf\u4f4e\u4e8e\u4f4d\u80fd\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff08\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\uff09\u3002\u5047\u82e5\u6807\u51c6\u9002\u5f53\uff0c\u4ece 1 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\u51fa\u5c04\u81f3 2
\n\u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u884c\u9a76\u6ce2\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u5e45\u5ea6\u4f1a\u900f\u8fc7\u8fc7 2 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u518d\u4ee5\u5f00\u5c55\u6ce2\u7684\u5f62\u52bf\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a 1
\n\u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u8fc7\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u5e45\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u884c\u9a76\u9897\u7c92\u3002\u9075\u5faa\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u6ce2\u52a8\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u5165\u5c04\u6ce2\u5e45\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u9897\u7c92\u96a7\u7a7f\u7684\u900f\u5c04\u7cfb\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u7535\u5b50\u6563\u5c04\u51e0\u7387\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u9075\u5faa\u5176\u4ed6\u79cd\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u5149\u6ce2\u3001\u5fae\u6ce2\u52a0\u70ed\u3001\u7ef3\u6ce2\u3001\u58f0\u6ce2\u9891\u7387\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u6ce2\u52a8\u5e45\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u884c\u9a76\u52a8\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u900f\u8fc7\u6ce2\u52a8\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u5165\u5c04\u6ce2\u5e45\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5219\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u900f\u8fc7\u52a8\u80fd\u548c\u51fa\u5c04\u52a8\u80fd\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\\”\u76f8\u8fd1\u96a7\u7a7f\u8ff9\u8c61\\”\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u89c4\u683c\u4e0e\u884c\u9a76\u6ce2\u7684\u5149\u6ce2\u957f\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u7535\u5546\u800c\u8a00\uff0c
\n2 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8584\u539a\u901a\u5e38\u4ec5\u6709\u51e0\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u96a7\u7a7f\u4e0a\u53bb\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u7c92\u5b50\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8584\u539a\u4f1a\u662f\u7279\u5c0f\uff1b\u9488\u5bf9\u5149\u6ce2\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1 2
\n\u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8584\u539a\u8d85\u5927\u578b\uff0c\u76f8\u8fd1\u8ff9\u8c61\u4f9d\u7136\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u67e5\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u5047\u82e5\u9897\u7c92\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u5316 (localized)
\n\u4e8e\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\uff0c\u5219\u9897\u7c92\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\u5185\u4e3b\u9898\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u7531\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u3002\u5728 1 \u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\u5185\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u662f\u6070\u9022\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u5728 2
\n\u578b\u7269\u8d28\u5730\u533a\u5185\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u662f\u8d1f\u6570\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u8ff9\u8c61\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u5207\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ef\u9897\u7c92\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u5316\u4e8e\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u5fc5\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6563\u6389\u7684\uff08\\”\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u7684\\”\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u503c\u5fc5\u662f\u6070\u9022\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u6570\u5b66\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0a\u7684\u4fbf\u6377\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u89c6\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u50cf\u8d28\u70b9\u4e00\u6837\u5e73\u65f6\uff0c\u683c\u5916\u662f\u5f53\u5206\u6790\u6709\u5173\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u725b\u987f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u6807\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5e38\u5982\u8bb8\u505a\u3002\u66e9\u6614\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u89c9\u5f97\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u9897\u7c92\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u5316\u4e8e\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5c24\u5176\u5f88\u662f\u5c0f\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\u548c\u5c24\u5176\u5f88\u662f\u5c0f\u7684\u95f4\u8ddd\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba9\u4eba\u5fc3\u6298\u5185\u670d\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u8ba4\u8fd9\u8bba\u70b9\u8bba\u636e\u662f\u7cbe\u51c6\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8fd9\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u5f0f\u6559\u5b66\u7b56\u7565\u4f9d\u7136\u4e0d\u65ad\u4f20\u9012\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u50cf\u8d28\u70b9\u4e00\u6837\u5e73\u65f6\u8fd9\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5f1f\u5b50\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u4f1a\u5c24\u5176\u5f88\u662f\u60ca\u8bb6\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u884c\u9a76\u9897\u7c92\u4e00\u76f4\u9075\u5faa\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\uff08\u4e43\u81f3\u662f\u5f53\u5e94\u7528\u632a\u52a8\u8d28\u70b9\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u601d\u7ef4\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f88\u591a\u4fbf\u6377\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff09\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u5730\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u725b\u987f\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u5b9a\u5730\u7d93\u5178\u8d28\u70b9\u9897\u7c92\u80af\u5b9a\u6ca1\u6cd5\u8fdb\u5230\u8d1f\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u5730\u533a\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9075\u5faa\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u7269\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f1a\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u6709\u7740\u6070\u9022\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\uff0c\u5047\u82e5\u6807\u51c6\u9002\u5f53\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u8fc7\u8fc7\u8fd9\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d34\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\uff0c\u52a1\u5fc5\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ce2\u5217\u3002\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u6ce2\u5217\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6210\u5206\u91cc\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u6ce2\u5217\u7684\u957f\u77ed\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6709
\n10 \u81f3 20 \u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u3002\u8fd9\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u4eff\u52a8\u6f2b\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u7cfb\u6570\u3002\u5047\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e2d\u77ed\u6ce2\u5217\u6765\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4e0b\u56fe\u52a8\u6f2b\u7cbe\u51c6\u5730\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u6ce2\u5305\u9047\u5230\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u9762\u548c\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5f80\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u5de6\u4fa7\u632a\u52a8\u7684\u901a\u4eae\u56ed\u76d8\u662f\u6ce2\u5305\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u9762\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9eef\u6de1\u7684\u56ed\u76d8\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c2\u67e5\u5230\u5f80\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u53f3\u4fa7\u632a\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u6ce2\u5305\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u5f88\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ef\u7684\u3002\u987a\u5e26\u8be6\u5c3d\u5165\u5c04\u6ce2\u4e0e\u53cd\u5c04\u9762\u6ce2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7d2f\u52a0\uff0c\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5e72\u6d89\u6761\u7eb9\u3002\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u89e3\u6790\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u683c\u5916\u9898\u578b\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\u5b9e\u4f53\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u50cf\u957f\u65b9\u578b\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\uff0c\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u6709\u89e3\u6790\u89e3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u96a7\u7a7f\u51e0\u7387\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u900f\u8fc7\u6307\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u6d4b\u7b97\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f88\u60f3\u8981\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d4b\u7b97\u51fa\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u952e\u5165\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\u516c\u5f0f\u4e8e\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u7e41\u6742\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7ebf\u6027\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7ebf\u6027\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6c92\u6709\u89e3\u6790\u89e3\u3002\u5f88\u65e9\u4ee5\u524d\u66e9\u6614\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5bb6\u5c31\u65e9\u5df2\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u9898\u578b\u4e86\u3002\u5979\u4eec\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u683c\u5916\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u6765\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u7269\u7406\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u683c\u5916\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u534a\u7d93\u5178\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u534a\u7d93\u5178\u65b9\u5f0f\u662fWKB
\n\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff08\u53c8\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a JWKB \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff09\u3002\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u8bd5\u7740\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u96a7\u7a7f\u9898\u578b\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e 1928 \u5e74\uff0c\u7528\u5230\u573a\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u53d1\u9001(field electron
\nemission) \u9898\u578b\u3002N. Fr\u00f6man \u548c P. O. Fr\u00f6man \uff0c\u4fe9\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e8e 1965
\n\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u83b7\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7b54\u6848\uff08\u5979\u4eec\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u8ff0\uff09\u3002\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u7e41\u6742\u597d\u70b9\u5b50\u90fd\u8fd8\u6ca1\u88ab\u8f7d\u5165\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u8bfe\u672c\u3002\u73b0\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u8bfe\u672c\u6240\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u8f83\u4e3a\u6709\u8bef\u3002\u7a0d\u5019\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u4f1a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u534a\u7d93\u5178\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u9897\u7c92\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6709\u7740\u6ce2\u6837\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u9897\u7c92\u662f\u8d28\u70b9\u6837\u7684\u3002\u652f\u6491\u70b9\u8fd9\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u636e\u5c24\u5176\u5f88\u662f\u7a00\u5c11\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8f83\u4e3a\u559c\u597d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u9897\u7c92\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u662f\u975e\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u7684
\n(delocalized)\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u6ce2\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u6ce2\u6837\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u632a\u52a8\u8d28\u70b9\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u601d\u7ef4\u6765\u53d9\u8ff0\u5176\u4e3b\u9898\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4fbf\u6377\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u513f\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u91c7\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u600e\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u6ce2\u6837\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u96be\u61c2\u7684\u9898\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\u6240\u53d9\u8ff0\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u8fd9\u513f\u6240\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u6216\u9897\u7c92\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u96a7\u7a7f\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u6ce8\u91cd\u7684\u662f\u9897\u7c92\u5728\u8d77\u4f0f\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u5173\u9897\u7c92\u7535\u5b50\u80fd\u7ea7\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6548\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u521b\u4f5c\u8005\u8f83\u4e3a\u7231\u597d\u79f0\u8fd9\u8ff9\u8c61\u4e3a\u8d77\u4f0f\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n

\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u7f512012\u5e744\u67086\u65e5\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u4eac\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u62a5\u5bfc\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u4ec0\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u521d\u6b21\u884c\u9a76\u5149\u8ba9\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4e86\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u91cc\u6ca1\u6cd5\u7a7f\u8d8a\u91cd\u751f\u7684\u201c\u5899\u9762\u201d\uff08\u80fd\u9699\uff09\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u501f\u6b64\u673a\u4f1a\u7814\u5236\u5f00\u53d1\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u5e03\u57284\u67085\u65e5\u51fa\u7248\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u671f\u520a\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u91cf\u5b50\u79d1\u6280\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u7b49\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u672c\u6765\u6ca1\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u7684\u201c\u5899\u9762\u201d\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u9897\u7c92\u6ca1\u6cd5\u8d8a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5899\u9762\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5018\u82e5\u8fd9\u79cd\u9897\u7c92\u5145\u88d5\u5c0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u901a\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u5728\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u8870\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f\u65f6\u3001\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5316\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u626b\u63cf\u4eea\u96a7\u9053\u65bd\u5de5\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5185\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u5177\u5907\u6ce2\u7684\u813e\u6c14\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u4e0d\u4ee5\u96f6\u7684\u51e0\u7387\u8d8a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5899\u9762\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8be5\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7cbe\u82f1\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u8005\u6770\u91cc\u7c73\u00b7\u9c8d\u59c6\u535a\u683c\u8868\u9732\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\uff1a\u201c\u544a\u77e5\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u600e\u6837\u8d8a\u8fc7\u2018\u5899\u9762\u2019\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u8ba9\u5149\u540c\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u2018\u8054\u5a5a\u2019\u3002\u201d\u4e13\u5bb6\u9610\u91ca\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u573a\u201c\u8054\u5a5a\u201d\u662f\u201c\u547d\u91cc\u6ce8\u5b9a\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5149\u4ee5\u5171\u9707\u8154\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u7684\u5f62\u52bf\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c06\u4e00\u675f\u5149\u6355\u83b7\u5728\u6d74\u5ba4\u955c\u5b50\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u8ba9\u5176\u5728\u6d74\u5ba4\u955c\u5b50\u95f4\u6765\u56de\u53cd\u8df3\uff0c\u5149\u628a\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u5939\u5728\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u8ba9\u7535\u5b50\u632f\u52a8\u8d8a\u8fc7\u5899\u9762\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u76ae\u7279\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17\u91cc\u5c3c\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e00\u573a\u2018\u5a5a\u59fb\u751f\u6d3b\u2019\u9020\u6210\u7684\u513f\u5973\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u9897\u7c92\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9897\u7c92\u7531\u5149\u548c\u6210\u5206\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u5730\u6839\u636e\u50cf\u5e73\u677f\u7535\u8111\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u2018\u5899\u9762\u2019\u800c\u6d88\u9000\u3002\u201d\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u8868\u9732\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u65b0\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u671d\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u4f4d\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u7740\u660e\u663e\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u4eca\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6253\u9020\u51fa\u201c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u201d\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u660e\u663e\u7684\u9897\u7c92\u3002\u201c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u201d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7531\u5f88\u591a\u9897\u7c92\u6784\u6210\u4e14\u9897\u7c92\u95f4\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u8d85\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e0b\u7684\u8d85\u6d41\u6001\u3001\u9ad8\u6e29\u8d85\u5bfc\u6001\u3001\u73bb\u8272\u2014\u725b\u987f\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u3001\u78c1\u4ecb\u8d28\u4e2d\u7684\u78c1\u94c1\u6001\u3001\u53cd\u78c1\u94c1\u6001\u7b49\u5168\u662f\u51dd\u805a\u6001\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u5728\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u5185\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u635f\u5bb3\u5730\u201c\u65c5\u6e38\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7535\u5b50\u4e5f\u5177\u5907\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u80fd\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u5982\u4eca2\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u9897\u7c92\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u773c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5c06\u5206\u5b50\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5ff5\u5934\u53d8\u6210\u597d\u7528\u673a\u5668\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n

\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u8870\u53d8\u4fbf\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u7c92\u5b50\u8131\u8f68\u4e86\u672c\u6765\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u8131\u8f68\u7684\u8d85\u5f3a\u529b\u7684\u7ba1\u675f\u800c\u201c\u9003\u79bb\u201d\u539f\u5b50\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4eea\u96a7\u9053\u65bd\u5de5\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8fd0\u7528\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4eea\u96a7\u9053\u65bd\u5de5\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fb\u8d25\u7b80\u5355\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u50cf\u5dee\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u96a7\u7a7f\u626b\u63cf\u7269\u4ef6\u5916\u578b\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u9274\u522b\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5730\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5149\u7684\u6ce2\u957f\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7269\u4ef6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8d8a\u8fc7\u5899\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u89c4\u5b9a\u6784\u6210\u8fd9\u5c0f\u6211\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u90fd\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\u8d8a\u8fc7\u5899\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u81f3\u4eca\u90fd\u8fd8\u6ca1\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8e 1928
\n\u5e74\uff0c\u4e54\u51b6\u00b7\u4f3d\u83ab\u592b\u7cbe\u51c6\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u8be0\u91ca\u4e86\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u8870\u53d8\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c\u9897\u7c92\u4f1a\u88ab\u6b7b\u6b7b\u5730\u7ba1\u675f\u4e8e\u539f\u5b50\u5185\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9897\u7c92\u5fc5\u9700\u8d85\u5927\u578b\u7684\u52a8\u80fd\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9003\u79bb\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u5c24\u5176\u5f88\u662f\u5f3a\u7684\u4f4d\u52bf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u6ca1\u6cd5\u9610\u91ca\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u8870\u53d8\u3002\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c\u9897\u7c92\u591a\u4f59\u6709\u7740\u6bd4\u4f4d\u52bf\u8fd8\u5f3a\u7684\u52a8\u80fd\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9003\u79bb\u539f\u5b50\uff1b\u9897\u7c92\u53ef\u4ee5\u51e0\u7387\u6027\u7684\u900f\u8fc7\u8fc7\u4f4d\u52bf\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u9003\u79bb\u539f\u5b50\u4f4d\u52bf\u7684\u7ba1\u675f\u3002\u4f3d\u83ab\u592b\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u52bf\u5b9e\u4f53\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8d81\u7740\u8fd9\u5b9e\u4f53\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5bfc\u5411\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u836f\u7269\u534a\u8870\u671f\u4e0e\u52a8\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u8054\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\uff0cRonald
\nGurney \u548c Edward Condon
\n\u4e5f\u81ea\u529b\u5730\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u51fa\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u8870\u53d8\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u3002\u6ca1\u591a\u4e45\uff0c2\u7ec4\u79d1\u5b66\u5408\u7406\u56e2\u961f\u90fd\u9010\u6e10\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9897\u7c92\u900f\u8fc7\u5165\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u50cf\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u7684\u51b7\u53d1\u5c04(cold
\nemission)\u3001\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u7269\u7406\u3001\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002\u5feb\u95ea\u50a8\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7279\u5927\u578b\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6(VLSI integrated circuit)
\n\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u9898\u578b\u4fbf\u662f\u7535\u6d41\u91cf\u6cc4\u9732\u3002\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u7535\u529b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5916\u6d41\u548c\u8fc7\u70ed\u7535\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u7126\u8651\u4e0d\u5b89\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u9014\u662f\u626b\u63cf\u4eea\u96a7\u9053\u65bd\u5de5\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u6ca1\u6cd5\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u7ec6\u5fae\u89c4\u683c\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u626b\u63cf\u4eea\u96a7\u9053\u65bd\u5de5\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u5730\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u7269\u4ef6\u7684\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4eea\u96a7\u9053\u65bd\u5de5\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u7b80\u5355\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u6975\u9650\u9898\u578b\uff08\u50cf\u5dee\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5149\u6ce2\u957f\u9650\u5236\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u96a7\u7a7f\u7f51\u4e0a\u6765\u626b\u63cf\u4eea\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4ef6\u7684\u5916\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u6709\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5316\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u3002\u8be5\u7c7b\u75c7\u72b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u7269\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u4ece\u53cd\u6620\u80fd\u9699\u8d8a\u8fc7\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u53cd\u6620\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u7269\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u4ec5\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u88d5\u52a8\u80fd\uff0c\u7ffb\u8fc7\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387\u7684\u80fd\u5792\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f,\u9488\u5bf9\u6709\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u53ef\u501f\u52a9\u5411\u963f\u4f26\u5c3c\u4e4c\u65af\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c03\u6574\u56e0\u7d20Q\uff0c\u5c06\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387k\u3001\u6eab\u5ea6T\u548c\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u80fd\u5792E\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387Ea\uff09\u8054\u7edc\u8d77\u4f86\uff1a\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff1am\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u96a7\u7a7f\u7684\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c2a\u662f\u4f4d\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u603b\u5bbd\u4ece\u4e0a\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u96a7\u7a7f\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff08\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u610f\u6ce2\u957f\u8d8a\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u603b\u5bbd\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff08\u5373\u80fd\u9699\u8d8a\u7a84\uff09\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u53d7\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u6982\u7387\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u4e00\u6837\u5e73\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u96a7\u7a7f\u7684\u5168\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u3001\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u6216\u6c18\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u5c11\u6709\u8f83\u91cd\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u53c2\u52a0\u96a7\u7a7f\u7684\u3002\u80fd\u9699\u7684\u603b\u5bbd\u5219\u7531\u9897\u7c92\u96a7\u7a7f\u524d\u540e\u5de6\u53f3\u6240\u5904\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u95f4\u8ddd\u6240\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c2\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\u7ed3\u6784\u57df\u95f4\u8ddd\u8d8a\u8fd1\u7684\uff0c\u96a7\u7a7f\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u5792\u8d8a\u4f4e\uff0c\u96a7\u7a7f\u6c34\u5e73\u4e5f\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u03b2\u5404\u81ea\u4e0e2a\uff0c\u548c\u54c1\u8d28m\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u6b63\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6545\u56e0\u7d20Q\u53d7\u80fd\u9699\u603b\u5bbd\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u6bd4\u5b83\u53d7\u7c92\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u66f4\u9ad8\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc1\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u5b58\u6709\u4e8e\u5316\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f \u662f\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u6548\u5e94\uff08KIE\uff09\u3002\u5728KIE\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6210\u7269\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u5206\u5b50\u5404\u81ea\u88ab\u7edf\u4e00\u5143\u7d20\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6838\u7d20\u6240\u6807\u8bc6\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u5f00\u5c55\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6bd4\u7167\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u6709\u5173\u53cd\u6620\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u82e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u64cd\u7eb5\u6d41\u7a0b\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u8be5\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6838\u7d20\u4e0e\u522b\u7684\u539f\u7d20\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u79bb\u5b50\u952e\u7684\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8d8a\u91cd\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6838\u7d20\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u79bb\u5b50\u952e\u8d8a\u4e0d\u6613\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5e94\u7528\u7edf\u4e00\u539f\u7d20\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u751f\u6210\u7269\u53c2\u4e0e\u53cd\u5408\u65f6\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u6548\u7387\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u91cd\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u751f\u6210\u7269\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387\u5e94\u5f53\u6bd4\u8f83\u6162\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u8fd9\u4e8c\u79cd\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6838\u7d20\u5206\u522b\u662f\u6c15\u548c\u6c18\uff08\u5373\u6c22-1\u548c\u6c22-2\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0ckH\/kD\u7684\u503c\u5e94\u5f53\u57286-10\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u542bC-H\u952e\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387\u662f\u542bC-D\u952e\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387\u76846-10\u500d\u3002\u4f46\u5018\u82e5\u53cd\u6620\u4e2d\u5b58\u6709\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u54c1\u8d28m\u5728\u56e0\u7d20Q\u4e2d\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u6307\u6570\u503c\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e0a\u7684\uff0cm\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5bf9\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u975e\u5e38\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u800ckH\/kD\u7684\u503c\u5e94\u5f53\u5b8f\u4f1f\u4e8e10\u3002\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e5f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u5b9a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c1f\u82ef\u4e01\u70f7\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5-\u6c22\u88ab\u6709\u4f4d\u963b\u7684\u5421\u5576\u53bb\u8d28\u5b50\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u7898\u4ee3\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u7684KIE\u503c\u572825\u00b0C\u65f6\u5374\u505a\u523025\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u53cd\u6620\u4e2d\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u6709\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u8c03\u6574\u9879Q\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b58\u6709\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u901f\u5ea6k\u53d7\u6eab\u5ea6T\u5371\u5bb3\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u6eab\u5ea6\u660e\u663e\u4e0a\u5347\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u6709\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u4e0d\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u8d85\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e0b\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u53cd\u5012\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8be5\u7c7b\u53cd\u6620\u4e5f\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u8f83\u4f4e\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u5f00\u5c55\u3002\u6b8a\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u6eab\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u8d8a\u8fc1\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9707\u52a8\u7535\u5b50\u80fd\u7ea7\uff08n=1\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u80fd\u9699\u603b\u5bbd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387\u52a0\u901f\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u901f\u5ea6\u53d7\u6eab\u5ea6\u5371\u5bb3\u4e0d\u4ee5\u96f6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u6700\u591a\u89c1\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u6620\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u542b\u6d3b\u6027\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f53\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9176\u50ac\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u9176\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u9176\u5e94\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u6765\u8fc1\u79fb\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u53ca\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u91cd\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u3002\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e5f\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u7c7b\u5fc3\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u8fde\u8461\u8404\u7cd6\u6c27\u5316\u9176(glucose
\noxydase)
\n\u7684\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u90fd\u662f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u3002\u53cd\u8d28\u5b50-\u53cd\u8d28\u5b50\u94fe\u53cd\u5e94\u4e5f\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6709\u4e13\u5bb6\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u6d69\u7e41\u6709\u673a\u5206\u5b50\u5f97\u5230\u751f\u6210\u7684\u57fa\u672c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u751f\u6210\u521d\u671f\u6027\u547d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u7126\u8651\u4e0d\u5b89\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6eab\u5ea6\u6781\u4f4e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b58\u6709\u7740\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u6c22\u5143\u7d20\u548c\u6c26\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u548c\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u7532\u919b\u548c\u82ef\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u4f5c\u751f\u6210\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u7528\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5f88\u591a\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7269\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u4f20\u7edf\u5f0f\u5316\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7981\u963b\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u5f88\u591a\u7e41\u6742\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u673a\u5206\u5b50\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u6709\u7126\u8651\u4e0d\u5b89\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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